FAQs
Below we’ve listed some of the questions that come up when people write to us. Please keep writing – we love to hear from you (notifications@b12d.org).
Perhaps it is inevitable that we get the same questions coming up on a regular basis. Don’t let that stop you from writing in to ask for advice – but please read here to save time.
How long will my symptoms last/how long will I take to recover?
This can only happen from person to person, and symptom to symptom. A patient of Dr Chandy recovered her energy within a few hours. She had various other symptoms, which took longer to recover. Similarly, a young lady presented with paralysis of both legs; she became much more outgoing and cheerful within a few days of beginning treatment, but the paralysis took nine months of treatment for the first leg, and it was 12 months of commencing treatment before she could walk without crutches again.
So: keep a symptoms diary, so you can see if you are getting better. Get your friends and carers to tell you what has changed, that they can see, but maybe you can’t (for example: your energy levels, your mood swings, how cheerful you are). When you talk to your doctor, take your symptoms diary with you.
Should I begin treatment straight away?
You have a short window of opportunity, between diagnosing B12 deficiency, and the damage becoming permanent.
Once you have been diagnosed with B12 deficiency, there is no reason to hold off taking treatment. The only reason to hold off getting treatment is if you’re still waiting for a diagnosis. Once you begin to take additional B12, then it is difficult to do a blood test and get a confirmation of B12 deficiency. Of course, if your doctor has already taken a blood sample for the tests, then you can begin taking B12 straightaway.
B12 is a food substance, and there are no side effects from taking it. If it turns out that you are not B12 deficient, then your doctor will need to give your other treatment. But it won’t have done any harm if you have already started taking B12.
If you want to know about the medical literature that supports this, then please check out BMJ Best Practice. This is the section on the British Medical Journal web site where they summarise all of the research so that a busy doctor can take a subject in. It’s a subscription only web site and restricted to medical professionals, but you could ask your GP to print off the relevant section to let you read it.
BMJ says
1. Diagnose on the basis of symptoms. Blood serum level is not a reliable test so include it as one of the symptoms.
2. Start treatment if you have any suspicion of B12 deficiency. It does no harm and doesn’t interfere with any medical treatment, whereas delaying could cause problems. Vitamin B12 is likely to improve the patient’s mood so that will help with every dis-ease.
3. Tailor treatment to the needs of the patient. If they need frequent (alternate days, daily) injections then give them these injections. minimise symptoms.
4. Injections can be given by a nurse, HCA or by the patient at home, with a bit of training. Review every 6 months.
What would B12 deficiency (B12d) be confused with?
Your B12 deficiency probably began sometime before you were diagnosed. The nervous symptoms occur when the myelin sheath has already broken down, whether they show as pains, numbness, memory loss, or depression. It is only a matter of time before the nerves themselves die, after which there isn’t much you can do to put it right.
Some of the other conditions that could be diagnosed, which might be B12 deficiency include (NOTE this web site is prepared by the B12deficiency Patient Support Group so the information may not be accurate, and certainly does not reflect current medical practice or there would be no need for the web site):
Depression |
Depression due to something happening in your life can be traced back to the moment that caused you stress, eg the loss of a loved one. Time is a great healer, and CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy) should get to the root of the problem and help you overcome it (or in the case of a loss, to carry on in spite of the pain of the loss – time isn’t a great healer but you live to make them proud). Depression without an obvious cause could easily be due to B12 deficiency, and the best way to check is to take B12 replacement therapy. Post-natal depression is extremely likely to be due to B12 deficiency – B12 is so important to the growing baby that the mother sacrifices her own stocks to make sure the baby has enough. Of course if B12 replacement doesn’t make enough difference then you should think again, but it doesn’t do any harm and only good to both mother and baby so it is a sensible first choice |
Fatigue |
The most common cause of fatigue is not enough rest. This can happen because stress is preventing you from sleeping, or simply because you don’t allow yourself to rest enough. The obvious solution is to rest more (and eat healthily, reduce your caffeine/alcohol/tobacco/other drugs), and extra B12 is no substitute for proper rest. Fatigue where you have to sleep or lie down during the day is likely to be due to anaemia/anemia, or iron deficiency. This is particularly common in women because they lose iron in the monthly period. This is easy to check and to put right. Fatigue due to B12 deficiency, often diagnosed as ME or CFS or Post-Viral Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, is also common. This is when neither of the more common conditions is the case, and you can take B12 to put it right. Fatigue can also happen with a number of injuries and illnesses, including of course cancer. Don’t shy away from getting it checked out – cancer is usually put right if your doctor diagnoses it early enough and is nothing to be afraid of – far better to diagnose and get treated than to leave it too late. We believe that B12 helps in any case, but you still need a diagnosis to get all of the other treatments you will need. |
Memory Loss / Alzheimer’s / confusion | Could easily be entirely to do with B12 deficiency, though of course you should accept other treatment and the support packages that help you live a good life. Again, B12 does no harm, and has certainly made a difference for some people. |
Multiple-sclerosis – like presentation | Scalabrino in a series of experiments depriving mice of Vitamin B12 found that not only do they develop the symptoms of MS, but also the characteristic plaques in the spinal column. He did a series of detailed experiments involving injecting nerve growth and nerve guidance hormones into the spinal column along with nerve nutrients, and showed how this was happening. His conclusion is telling – “we now know the mechanism in some detail. However it is much easier just to supplement B12 in the diet”. When he fed mice on B12 again, in many cases the symptoms remitted and the mice gained their health |
Palsy of one sort or another Nystagmus |
These are names given to symptoms. Since they are symptoms of neuropathy (death of nerve cells, or at least destruction of the myelin sheath so the nerve cell doesn’t conduct a signal), the cause of the neuropathy needs to be found. We don’t have the research, but there are probably many cases where neuropathy is caused by B12 deficiency and nerve function can be restored by supplementing B12 by injection. Certainly, cases of facial paralysis, shaking limbs and head, eye twitches and lazy eye, difficulty swallowing and other neuropathic symptoms have been relieved with B12 replacement therapy. Of course it doesn’t work 100% of the time, so you still need to go and get a diagnosis, but B12 works on some cases and doesn’t do any damage in the others |
Paralysis of limbs, paralysis of anywhere else | We all know how to recognise the symptoms of a stroke (FAST – Face, Arm, Speech – Time to call 999 (or 112 everywhere outside UK)). You still need to do this. However, B12 deficiency can cause similar symptoms, so if the hospital cannot find signs of a stroke after checking someone out, then at least consider B12 deficiency. NEVER EVER delay getting someone to hospital who might have a stroke! |
I'm thinking of starting my own Coffee Morning
QUESTION: Horden in County Durham is a long way away – I’m thinking of starting my own event.
ANSWER: We’d be delighted to help you set up. We haven’t produced lots of printed material yet, although we do have some – copies of the protocol, a booklet of case studies, we have pens and supermarket trolley coins, and of course teddy bears, to help you spread the word.
RELATED QUESTION: I’d like to start my own web site
ANSWER: This is where it gets more controversial.
There’s a lot of rubbish on the internet about Vitamin B12. Do you need to take lots of folic acid? Which form of B12 is most effective? Are lozenges or nasal sprays or skin patches as good as injections?
Dr Chandy has been studying the condition and the effects of different treatments since 1981. As a GP, he’s followed the same patients throughout, with the original 1981 patient still under his care (34 years on, as at time of writing). Everyone else working with B12 deficiency has seen patients pass through and not followed them through. Dr Chandy knows a thing or two about B12 deficiency.
Therefore we’d much rather you didn’t start another B12 deficiency web site, and that you didn’t give medical answers on Facebook or anywhere else. We believe it would be helpful for people if you provide support, but direct them to the definitive information about B12 deficiency and what to do about it.
If you want to write about it, then submit your web page by email to notifications@b12d.org and our team of editors will review it for possible inclusion. Please state the byline you’d like to see (ie how you want your name to show up, and whether you want to link it straight through to your email so people can email you)
QUESTION: I want to hold a fund-raising event or conference for B12 deficiency
We Love this. We’d love for people to hold coffee mornings, events, and so on.
What we can’t do is jet off all over the country/ world giving talks at events that we haven’t been party to, and we generally don’t. And similarly to the answer above, please don’t go telling people stuff about B12 that doesn’t have any information to back it up.
I started injections - what to expect
So you are worried about injections, or you’ve started them and wonder what’s happening? Don’t expect miracles – things usually happen in a particular order.
Timeperiod |
symptoms likely to change |
6-24 hours |
your friends will probably notice that you are more sociable and less irritable (you may not notice anything) you may feel more sleepy, or find that you are still awake way past your usual bed time |
1-3 days |
You’re probably beginning to feel more energy, better able to concentrate, better able to remember things. You are beginning to get your life back But you are still tired a lot of the time In some cases, you can now feel aches and pains all over your body. This is what we call “reversing out syndrome”. When your nerves start to work again, you feel aches and pains that you haven’t felt all of this time even though they have been there all along. You may even get spasms as a newly healed nerve starts to send signals to muscles that don’t know what to do with them |
1-3 weeks |
Start to feel sensation in limbs and skin where you had numbness before. Tirednesss should definitely be going by now. Paralysis and loss of power should be at least partially restored |
3-6 months |
ability to concentrate and remember things. Sleeping through the night. If you had menorrhagia, that should be clearing up about now (if you couldn’t get pregnant before, now is the time that you are most likely to start being able to get pregnant) |
About 1 in 10 people experience side-effects
The most common side effect is blotchiness of the skin or pimples. We think this is caused by homocysteine – once there is enough B12 in the body to start to get rid of the homocysteine, the body gets rid of it as quickly as possible and some will come out in the skin.
Most people want to put a cream on like E45, however that just traps the homocysteine near the skin. During this period (no more than 10 days) it’s probably better to wash it off with water, ie a shower or a flannel bath.
You may get palpitations, or phantom pains/ pins and needles, or other effects of the nerves starting to work again (the heart is a big bundle of a special sort of muscle which is also nerve, so when the other nerves start to work, so does the heart and this may cause palpitations). Any of these effects should be gone within a couple of days so see your doctor if they last any longer.
If the B12 is working, then you should notice improvements in some areas even if you don’t notice the symptom that you most want to cure, improving. B12 is natural to the human body, so its healing effect is going to be gentle; more like a good sleep (you often wake up tired) than a cup of coffee (artificial stimulant).
Get plenty of rest during the healing process.
Why don't vegetarians get B12 deficiency straight away
When you stop eating B12 in your diet (for example by becoming a vegetarian), you may not notice if it on your B12 level for 10 years or more.
Conversely, when you develop a condition like pernicious anaemia, the effects can be devastating and very fast. We wondered why this was?
B12 stores in the body
The body stores 2-5mg Vitamin B12, of which around 80% is in the liver[1, 2]. B12 in the blood circulates either bound to Transcobalamin I or III, (the inactive forms), or transcobalamin II (active B12, or holotranscobalamin). Active B12 is 7%-20% of total blood B12, but this percentage varies [3-7].
Inactive B12 can’t be converted to active B12, either in the blood, or in the liver.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance/Recommended Dietary Intake (RDA/RDI) of vitamin B12 is around 2.4 µg per day[7], though it should be higher for people older than 51 years old.
Circulation via the liver, bile duct and small intestine
To get the active form, the body takes inactive forms from the liver (and the liver can take it from the blood), and pumps it out into the top of the small intestine through the bile duct
B12 in the gut then combines with Intrinsic Factor from the stomach and can be absorbed by the villi of the small intestine to combine with TC-II and form holotranscobalamin.
This this enterohepatic circulation is also used for, for example: fatty acids and phospholipids [8-10], so it may be the most efficient way of converting stores for use in the body.
The Car Oil Sump analogy
The body doesn’t show signs of B12 deficiency until the level of active B12 drops below a certain level (probably around 50 pmol/L = 67ng/L). This means that the level of B12 in the blood can vary enormously, from over 2000µg/L down to the threshold (see discussions)
The level of B12 may be dropping, but the problem won’t be detected until it falls below a threshold causing symptoms.
This is exactly what happens in a motor car engine. Oil is pumped into the top of the engine and trickles down, lubricating all parts, until it gathers in the oil sump at the bottom of the engine. There is usually plenty of oil in the engine, and the oil pump will continue circulating oil even when the level drops a very long way below normal, as might occur perhaps with an oil leak (faulty seal, crack in the sump, etc). Checking the dip stick might reveal that levels are at the low end of normal, and need topping up, but we don’t check B12 levels in people (perhaps we should?).
Once the level of oil in the engine falls to the point where the oil pump can’t pump enough back up to the top to keep the engine lubricated, then you have a disaster on your hands – things will start to seize up; con rods will stick themselves to prop shafts, cam shafts will grind out of shape against tappets, the engine could become a wreck in a matter of minutes. Most engines have a warning light which informs us that the oil is running low, well before there is a problem. Sadly, humans don’t have this warning light for B12 shortage.
How long does it take to use up B12 stores?
So we know that the level of B12 in the body is usually large (Chanarin calculated, for example, that it should take 7 years to use up the body’s supply of B12 at 2µg/day (2 µg/5 mg = 2,500 days =approx. 6.8 ys) [11] – forgetting that B12 is water soluble and will therefore eliminate from the body via the urine if not kept topped up.
In our experience the circulation of B12 appears to be remarkably efficient; you can eliminate B12 from your diet by becoming a vegetarian and you may not suffer from B12 deficiency for up to 15 years (Hugo Minney – personal experience; Kevin Byrne – personal experience). On the other hand, if you have a problem with absorbing B12 from the gut, then not only do you have a problem absorbing B12 from your diet, but the entero-hepatic circulation system (“entero” – within or through; “hepatic” – the liver (dative form for to, within, through) ie circulation via the liver, bile duct and small intestine) also breaks down – B12 is secreted into the small intestine but then can’t be re-absorbed so the body’s levels of stored B12 will continue to drop dramatically
Once B12 runs out, the level of active or available B12 in the blood will fall suddenly and dramatically In Dr Chandy’s practice, we observe people with Serum B12 above the threshold (180µg/L at present) who exhibit signs and symptoms of deficiency (qv … ) but we are not allowed to commence treatment. We know from experience that once they exhibit signs and symptoms their serum B12 is already falling and it is no longer than 6 months and often considerably less before their serum B12 falls to a level where we can commence treatment.
It is absolutely vital at this stage to commence treatment as quickly as possible. Apart from the obvious discomfort to the patient caused by symptoms, we believe that there is a limited “window of opportunity” before the symptoms change from reversible to permanent[12].
What this means for treatment
Those at risk of B12 deficiency, ie vegetarians, the elderly, people taking PPIs (antacids for example), anyone who has had Gastro-intestinal surgery (eg gastric band, any ileal resections), and people with B12 absorption difficulties (eg presence of Intrinsic Factor antibodies) should consider taking oral B12 prophylactically (just in case)[7, 13]. Harrison’s ‘Principles of Internal Medicine’ 16th edition (2005) also indicates that people with diabetes and renal imbalance should also consider taking B12 prophylactically.
Those whose levels of serum B12 are falling should be monitored. We believe that the UK and USA should recognise both severe deficiency (200 µg/L), and preclinical, or interim deficiency (serum B12 less than 350 ng/L and raised MMA) [7, 14, 15]
At treatment initiation, patients need a ‘loading dose’ of very large quantities of B12 over an extended period to replenish the body’s stores – this is the recommendation of the British National Formulary but is often not adhered to[16, 17]. Once B12 treatment has commenced, we should assume that the B12 circulation “has a leak”, and that treatment should continue for life. We observe that some patients reverse all of their symptoms including problems absorbing B12, but this should be assumed to be the exception rather than the rule.
Documents referred to
1. Vegetarian Society. Information Sheet: Vitamin B12. 2009 [cited 2010 4 August 2010]; Available from: http://www.vegsoc.org/info/b12.html.
2. Chanarin, I., The megaloblastic anaemias. 1969, Oxford,: Blackwell Scientific. vii, 1000 p., 23 plates.
3. Nexo, E., et al., Quantification of holo-transcobalamin, a marker of vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chem, 2002. 48(3): p. 561-2.
4. Nexo, E., et al., Holo-transcobalamin is an early marker of changes in cobalamin homeostasis. A randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Chem, 2002. 48(10): p. 1768-71.
5. Wickramasinghe, S.N., Diagnosis of Megaloblastic anaemias. Blood Reviews, 2006. 20(6): p. 299-318.
6. McCaddon, A., et al., Analogues, ageing and aberrant assimilation of vitamin B12 in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2001. 12(2): p. 133-7.
7. Park, S. and M.A. Johnson, What is an Adequate Dose of Oral Vitamin B12 in Older People with Poor Vitamin B12 Status? Nutrition Reviews, 2006. 64(8): p. 373-378.
8. Vazquez, C.M., F.J. Muriana, and V. Ruiz-Gutierrez, Changes in fatty acid desaturation in hepatic and intestinal tissues induced by intestinal resection. Lipids, 1993. 28(5): p. 471-3.
9. Hendel, J. and H. Brodthagen, Entero-hepatic cycling of methotrexate estimated by use of the D-isomer as a reference marker. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1984. 26(1): p. 103-7.
10. Ejiri, K., [Studies on entero hepatic circulation of urea nitrogen in pregnant rat (author’s transl)]. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi, 1980. 32(5): p. 601-10.
11. Chanarin, I., The Megaloblastic Anaemias. 3rd ed. 1986, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
12. Chandy (Kayalackakom), J., A forgotten illness – Vitamin B12 Deficiency with Neuro Psychiatric signs and symptoms with or without Anaemia or Macrocytosis. 2006: Durham, UK. p. 26.
13. Baboir, B.M. and H.F. Bunn, Pernicious Anaemia, in Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 2005. p. 601-607.
14. McBride, J. B12 Deficiency May Be More Widespread Than Thought. Agricultural Research Service 2000 2 Aug [cited 2009 2 Oct]; Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2000/000802.htm.
15. Mitsuyama, Y. and H. Kogoh, Serum and cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12 levels in demented patients with CH3-B12 treatment–preliminary study. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol, 1988. 42(1): p. 65-71.
16. BNFC, British National Formulary for Children. 2008, Paediatric Formulary Committee, BMJ Publishing, RPS Publishing and RCPCH Publications.
17. BNF, British National Formulary. 2009, Joint Formulary Committee, British Medical Association & Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, JFC.
Which B12 should I get?
Most of the questions coming in now are “where can I buy injectable methylcobalamin in the UK/ European Union” (other parts of the world – sorry, can’t help)?
The B12d charity can no longer supply B12 for injection. We explain about the symptoms, and therefore we can’t get involved in supply. However you can usually get hydroxocobalamin in glass ampoules from versandapo.de or mycare.de, and dry methylcobalamin (to be mixed with sterile saline before injecting) from Oxford BioSciences. This last one is the one I use – https://oxfordbiosciences.com/store/product/vitamin-b12-methylcobalamin-serv/
Instructions for using Hydoxocobalamin Ampoules
http://www.b12d.org/submit/document?id=44
http://www.b12d.org/submit/document?id=44
Instructions for using Methylcobalamin ampoules
Huge DV (Daily Value) on the bottle
Why does my bottle say it contains 160 times the total daily need (16,666%)?
The amount of B12 your body needs to consume from the diet is very individual, but the vitamin labelling rules don’t allow for this.
The entero-hepatic cycle is a special recycling process where B12 in the blood is collected by the liver, passes down the bile duct and into the intestine, and then gets reabsorbed into the blood. We don’t know why, but it’s likely that the liver takes inactive B12 from the blood (in storage) and the intestine activates it when it’s reabsorbed. ie to convert storage B12 into active B12.
How does this affect how much B12 we need?
In most people, this entero-hepatic cycle is very nearly 100% efficient. Therefore most people only need a tiny amount of dietary B12, because they are reabsorbing so much from their entero-hepatic cyle – say 6mcg/day.
We estimate that there’s a total of about 30mcg in the body – around 91% in the cells, and only 9% (2.7mcg) in the blood. However the entero-hepatic cycle is a busy one and churns the B12 perhaps 24x per day (average once per hour) – in other words, 65mcg of B12 goes through the cycle per day. At 90% efficiency, we’d expect 6mcg loss in other words you need to make it up with 6mcg from the diet, fairly easy.
HOWEVER people with B12 deficiency are mostly far worse at absorbing B12. At worst, with no active absorption, passive absorption is 1% – in other words a 99% loss. That means that of the 65mcg circulating into the gut to be activated and reabsorbed, 64.4mcg is lost and needs to be made up from the diet. Let’s take an average value for a person with B12 deficiency, 5% efficiency (still 5 times the worst case). Every day, they lose 61mcg. But when they take 1000mcg in a tablet, they only absorb 5%, in other words tehy only absorb 50mcg – so they aren’t getting enough from the tablet to make up the amount lost.
How about “Daily Values”?
Daily Values are based on the assessed needs of a healthy person who doesn’t have absorption problems. Because of this, the Daily Value for B12 is set at around 6mcg per day. But
- If you have poor absorption, then you need much more in the tablet so that 6mcg goes into your bloodstream
- if you have poor absorption, then the amount you need for daily activity goes up anyway.
What about injections?
Injections put the B12 directly into the blood so they aren’t affected by the absorption efficiency (well, they are to activate). That’s why we say that you don’t need to inject very much, you just need to inject it more frequently.
You have around 10% of your body weight as blood, in other words if you weigh 80kg then you will have around 8lt of blood. Therefore if the ideal blood serum B12 is 800ng/L (and blood cells have about the same concentration of B12 as the serum), then you will have 8lt * 800ng/L = 6,400ng = 6.4mcg of B12 floating around in your blood. This means that if you inject 1000mcg (the usual amount), then you have temporarily increased the total B12 in the blood from 6.4mcg to 1000mcg. Within seconds, a lot of this will be absorbed into cells to boost their B12 levels, but also a lot will go to waste out of the kidneys.
If you lose a lot through the kidneys, then there’s no point in putting more in with each injection because you’ll lose most of it. It’s far more sense to give yourself another injection a few weeks later. Personally I’ve tried with injections of 500mcg (0.1ml of 5mg/ml methylcobalamin) and 250mcg (half again) and settled on 500mcg per injection simply because it’s quite difficult to load the syringe with less and still manage to inject. But I inject twice per week.